Higher resource availability also increased the sex ratio in bees towards the more costly females and enhanced their survival rates. These results reveal that seasonal trends in nest-building activity of lowland Hymenoptera seem to be linked to changes in climate and resource availability that reflect the seasonal patterns in plant growth and flowering documented in lowland savanna ecosystems. It will become my tropical ecology shelf resource.' -Wildlife Activist 'Tropical Ecology has 15 chapters and is broadly organized into four sections: a large section dealing with biodiversity in tropical rain forests, a section on productivity and nutrient cycling, a section on other ecosystems in the tropics, and a final section on human ecology in the tropics, including relevant issues in. Climate and flower abundance were important predictors for seasonal patterns in nest-building activity, ecological rates and life-history traits. We also detected seasonal patterns for parasitism and natural mortality rates, sex ratio, and development time, which varied with trophic level and between elevation levels.

Nest-building activity was considerably higher and seasonal trends were better synchronised between the different trophic levels in the colline zone at low elevations. Nest-building activity showed strong seasonal trends in all three investigated trophic levels and peaked at the end of the short rainy season at low elevations.

We analysed patterns of seasonality in the cavity-nesting ecology of Hymenoptera at three different trophic levels вЂ“bees, caterpillar-hunting wasps and spider-hunting waspsвЂ“ over a complete annual period, covering two rainy and two dry seasons. We installed trap nests on 25 study sites in natural and disturbed habitat types covering the colline (<1,300В m) and submontane zones (в‰Ґ1,300В m a.s.l). Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, to analyse temporal patterns of nest-building activity, ecological rates, and life-history traits in relation to seasonal climatic variation and elevation. We monitored cavity-nesting Hymenoptera communities on Mt. But seasonal dynamics, particularly in tropical mountain ecosystems, are not well understood. Insect communities vary seasonally with changing climatic conditions and related changes in resource availability, strength of competition, or pressure by natural antagonists.

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